CLUSTER 3
Cause/Effect
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Benchmark |
LA.E.2.2.1 |
The student recognizes cause-and-effect relationships in literary texts. [Applies to fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama. |
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Passage Attributes |
· Passages may be literary text or informational text. · Passages must include a cause-and-effect relationship. This relationship may be stated or implied. |
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Benchmark
Clarification |
The student recognizes or explains in writing cause-and-effect relationships within or across informational and/ or literary texts. |
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Item Types |
Multiple Choice (MC); Short Response (SR) |
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Question Stems |
Questions for this
benchmark would look like: ·
What is the main reason…? ·
According to the author, why…? ·
What caused…to…? ·
According to the author, what is the most
likely reason that…? ·
What was the effect of…? ·
What caused a change in…? Short Response (SR)
questions for this benchmark would look like the multiple choice stems above and
end with the statement below: ·
Use details and information from the story/article
to support your answer. |
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Distracters |
Incorrect answers
that would "distract" students from identifying the correct answer
would include, but would not be limited to, the following: · incorrect causes or effects · incorrect rationales for cause-and-effect relationships · plausible but incorrect responses based on the text |
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SOURCES: 1.
FCAT Reading Test Item and
Performance Task Specifications, 2.
FCAT |
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BENCHMARK
LA.E.2.2.1
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CAUSE-AND-EFFECT |
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Definition |
Cause = Anything producing a result Effect = Anything brought about by an agent |
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Types of Text |
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literary or informational text |
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Signal Words |
· because, since, consequently, this led to…so, if…then, nevertheless, accordingly, because of, as a result of, in order to, may be due to, yet, for this reason, not only…but, also |
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Top Three
Strategies |
· Cause-and-Effect chart · Cause-and Effect cluster · Sequence Chart |
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SOURCES: 3.
FCAT Reading Test Item and Performance Task
Specifications, 4.
FCAT |
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